Karimunjawa is an archipelago of 27 islands in the Java Sea, located off the coast of Central Java, Indonesia. It is a national marine park known for its rich biodiversity which includes coral reefs, mangroves, endangered species such as the hawksbill sea turtles who nest on the islands.

Since 2016, the islands have seen a boom in shrimp farming, particularly intensive shrimp ponds, which has had detrimental environmental impacts. Waste from the shrimp ponds are discharged without treatment into surrounding oceans where protected species of coral reefs grow, damaging the ecosystems.

The area was designated as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2020 but shrimp farming activity remains largely unregulated, with many farms operating without proper permits.